Shopping on line can be easy, simple and save you lots of money. It can also take a lot of your time, frustrate you, and result in unwanted purchases. Now the same can be said for regular high street shopping, but with the vast opportunity presented by the Internet it will pay you to spend a few minutes reading this and understanding how to better optimize your Dry Cleaning shopping experience:

1. Compare - without doubt the biggest advantage that the Dry Cleaning offers shoppers today is the ability to compare thousands of Dry Cleaning at a time. This is a great thing, but not necessarily all the time! Too much can be daunting at times so take advantage of the great comparison sites and where possible let them do the hard work for you.

2. Research - if it has been said it will be on the internet. Ignorance is no longer a justifiable reason for buying the wrong thing. Take the time to research in detail everything that you could possible want to know about

3. Testimonials - don't know anybody that has bought a Dry Cleaning? Wrong! If the Dry Cleaning is good the internet will let you know. Use the Internet as a friend and get testimonials before you buy.

4. Questions - Got a question about Dry Cleaning then search the Forums, FAQ's, Blogs etc. Don't be afraid to ask .....

5. Reputation - Never heard of the company selling Dry Cleaning? Don't worry, no reason why you should know every company in the world, but you know someone that does! Use the internet to find out what people are saying about Dry Cleaning and build up a picture of their reputation for sales, returns, customer service, delivery etc.

6. Returns - still worried that even after all of the above your Dry Cleaning wont be what you want? Check out the returns policy. There is so much competition now that someone, somewhere is bound to offer the terms that you are comfortable with.

7. Feedback - happy with your Dry Cleaning then let people know, after all you are depending on others people input in your buying decision, so why not give a little back.

8. Security - check for the yellow padlock on the Dry Cleaning site before you buy, and the s after http:/ /i.e. https:// = a secure site

9. Contact - got a question about Dry Cleaning, or want to leave a comment then check out the sites contact page. Reputable companies have them and respond.

10. Payment - ready to pay for your Dry Cleaning, then use your credit card or PayPal! Be aware of companies that don't accept them, there may be genuine reasons but given the huge amount of choice you have when buying online there is no reason at all not to buy via credit card or PayPal.

Dry cleaningis any cleaning process for clothing and textiles using an organic solvent rather than water — generally known as dry cleaning fluid, and typically this is tetrachloroethylene (called perchloroethylene or perchloroethylene in the industry). Dry cleaning is necessary for cleaning items which would otherwise be damaged by water and soap or detergent. It may also be sought if washing by hand — another alternative for some delicate fabrics — is seen as laborious.

History Dry cleaning uses non-water-based solvents to remove dirt and stains from clothes. The potential for using petroleum based solvents in this manner was first discovered in the mid-19th century by French dye-works owner Jean Baptiste Jolly, who noticed that his tablecloth became cleaner after his maid spilled kerosene on it, and from this observation developed a service to clean other people's clothes in this manner, which he termed "nettoyage à sec," or "dry cleaning" in English.

Early dry cleaners used petroleum-based solvents, such as gasoline and kerosene. Concerns over flammability led William Joseph Stoddard, a dry cleaner from Atlanta, to develop Stoddard solvent as a slightly less flammable alternative to gasoline-based solvents. The use of highly flammable petroleum solvents led to many fires and explosions, which resulted in heavy regulation of dry cleaners.

After World War I, dry cleaners began using various chlorinated solvents. These solvents were much less flammable than petroleum solvents and had much greater cleaning power. By the mid-1930s the dry cleaning industry had adopted tetrachloroethylene (perchloroethylene) as a standard, colloquially called "perc," as the ideal solvent. It is stable, nonflammable, and has excellent cleaning power and is gentle to most garments.

Process A dry cleaning machine is somewhat similar to a combination of a domestic washing machine, and clothes dryer. Garments are placed into a washing/extraction chamber (referred to as the basket, or drum). This is the core of the dry cleaning machine. The washing chamber contains a horizontal, perforated drum that rotates within an outer shell. The shell holds the solvent while the rotating drum holds the garment load. Depending on the size of the machine the basket capacity will be between 20 and 80 lb (9-36 kg) of garments.

During the wash cycle the chamber is filled approximately 1/3 full of solvent and begins to rotate to agitate the clothing. The solvent temperature is controlled at 85°F (29.4°C), as a higher temperature may extract dye from the garments, causing color loss. During the wash cycle, the chamber is constantly fed a supply of fresh solvent from the working solvent tank while spent solvent is removed and sent to a filter unit comprising a distillation boiler and condenser. The ideal flow rate is one gallon of solvent per pound of garments (roughly 8 litres of solvent per kilogram of garments) per minute, depending on the size of the machine.

Before being placed in the machine, garments are inspected for stains and soils by the operator. Depending on the nature of the soil, a catalyst may be applied to the soil; this depends on the operator's judgment of the makeup of the textile and the soil itself. Oil-based soils (such as Fat, oil, or lipstick) typically are removed very well by perchloroethylene, whereas water-based soils (such as coffee, wine, perspiration, blood, and semen) will need a catalyst to allow the dry cleaning solvent to emulsify and lift them. Food-based grease soils fall in between the two, and a milder catalyst may be applied. Dry cleaners have a variety of catalysts to choose from to remove different types of spots.

Garments are also checked carefully for foreign objects; such items as plastic pens will dissolve in the solvent bath and may damage textiles beyond recovery. Some textile dyes are "loose" (red being the main culprit), and will shed dye during the solvent immersion; these will not be included in a load along with lighter-based colored textiles to avoid color transfer. In addition, the solvent used must be distilled to remove any impurities that may transfer to the clothes. Garments are checked carefully for dry-cleaning textile compatibility, including the fasteners; many decorative fasteners either are not dry-cleaning-solvent proof or will not withstand the mechanical action of the cleaning cycle. These will be removed and restitched after the cleaning, or protected with a small padded protector as needed. Finally, fragile items, such as feather bedspreads or tasseled rugs or hangings may be enclosed into a loose mesh bag. The density of perchloroethylene is around 1.7 g/cm³ at room temperature (70% heavier than water), and the sheer weight of absorbed solvent may cause the textile to fail under normal force during the extraction cycle unless the mesh bag provides mechanical support.

A typical wash cycle lasts for 8-15 minutes depending on the type of garments and amount of soiling. During the first three minutes, solvent-soluble soils dissolve into the perchloroethylene and loose, insoluble soil from fabrics comes off. It takes approximately ten to twelve minutes after the loose soil has come off to remove all of the ground-in insoluble soil from the garments. Machines using hydrocarbon solvents require a wash cycle of at least 25 minutes because of the much slower rate of solvation of solvent-soluble soils (e.g., oily stains). A dry-cleaning surfactant "soap" may also be added.

At the end of the wash cycle, the machine starts a rinse cycle, and the garment load is rinsed with fresh distilled solvent from the pure solvent tank. This pure solvent rinse prevents discoloration of garments caused by soil particles being absorbed back onto the garment surface from the "dirty" working solvent.

After the rinse cycle the machine begins the extraction process. This process recovers dry-cleaning solvent for reuse. Modern dry cleaning machines can recover approximately 99.99% of the solvent used in the cleaning process.

The extraction cycle begins by draining the solvent out of the washing chamber and accelerating the basket to speeds of 350 to 450 rpm, causing much of the solvent to spin free of the fabric. When no more solvent can be spun out, the machine starts its drying cycle.

During the drying cycle, the garments are tumbled in a continuous stream of warm air (145°F/63°C) that circulates through the basket, evaporating any traces of solvent left behind after the spin cycle. The temperature of the air is carefully controlled to prevent over-drying and heat damage to the garments. The warm air then passes through a chiller unit, where the solvent vapors are condensed and returned to the distilled solvent tank. Modern dry-cleaning machines use a closed-loop system where the chilled air is then reheated and recirculated. This results in very high solvent recovery rates and reduces air pollution. (In the early days of dry cleaning, large amounts of perchlorethylene were vented to the air, because it was regarded as cheap and, at the time, believed to be harmless.)

Since this number is still short of 100%, and because dry-cleaning doesn't remove water-based stains very well, a few brave entrepreneurs have developed the wet cleaning process, which is essentially cold-water washing and air drying, using a computer-controlled washer and dryer. Wet cleaning is generally regarded as being in its infancy, although low-tech versions of it have been used for centuries.

After the drying cycle is completed, a deodorizing (aeration) cycle starts to cool the garments and remove the last traces of dry cleaning solvent, by circulating cool outside air over the garments and then through a vapor recovery filter made from activated carbon and polymer resins. At the end of the aeration cycle, the dry cleaned garments are clean and ready for pressing/finishing.

Solvent processing Working solvent from the washing chamber passes through several filtration steps before it is returned to the washing chamber. The first step is a button trap which prevents small objects (lint, fasteners, buttons, coins etc) from entering the solvent pump.

Next the solvent passes through a filter unit which removes lint and insoluble suspended soils from the solvent. Several different types are used, most filters use an ultra fine mesh to support a thin layer of filter powder (made from diatomaceous earth and activated clays). Some machines use powderless filters which are capable of removing soil particles greater than 30 micrometres from the solvent.

As the machine is used, a thin layer of filter cake (called muck) accumulates on the surface of the lint filter. The muck is removed regularly (commonly once per day) and then further processed to recover any solvent trapped in the muck. Many machines use "spin disc filters" in which the muck is removed from the filter surface by centrifugal action while the filter is back-washed with solvent.

After passing through the lint filter, the solvent passes through an Adsorption cartridge filter. This filter is made from activated clays and charcoal and removes fine insoluble soil and non-volatile residues along with dyes from solvent. Finally the solvent passes through a polishing filter which removes any traces of soil not removed by the previous filters. The clean working solvent is then returned to the working solvent tank.

To enhance cleaning power, small amounts of detergent (0.5%-1.5%) are added to the working solvent and are essential to its functionality. These detergents help dissolve Hydrophile soils and keep soil from redepositing on garments. Depending on the machine's design, either an anionic or cationic detergent is used.

Dry cleaning wastes Cooked muck Cooked Powder Residue — the waste material generated by cooking down or distilling muck. Cooked powder residue is a hazardous waste and will contain solvent, powdered filter material (diatomite), carbon, non-volatile residues, lint, dyes, grease, soils and water. This material should then be disposed of in accordance with local laws.

Sludge The waste sludge or solid residue from the still. Still bottoms contain solvent, water, soils, carbon and other non-volatile residues. Still bottoms from chlorinated solvent dry cleaning operations are hazardous wastes.

Health and Safety Perc is classified as a probable human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, and exposure carries risks to both those who work in the dry cleaning industry as well as consumers. People who wear one dry-cleaned garment one day a week over a 40-year period could inhale enough perc "to measurably increase their risk of cancer" by as much as 150 times what is considered "negligible risk." Perc exposure has been shown to cause liver cancer in mice and kidney cancer in male rats.Ohio Bureau of Health. “Tetrachloroethylene (PCE).” Retrieved on 2007-08-15. According to California's South Coast Air Quality Management District(SCAQMD), people who live near dry cleaners have a higher risk of cancer than those who live near oil refineries or power plants.Immediato, Linda. "Wet is the New Dry." LA Weekly: La Vida. 2007-01-17. Retrieved on 2007-08-15.

Women who work in dry cleaners are 2-4 times more likely to have miscarriages than women in other professions.Fair Companies. “Breaking the ‘perc’ habit: dirty secrets of dry cleaning”. Retrieved on 2007-08-15. Prolonged exposure to chemical fumes or direct contact can cause liver, kidney, and central nervous system damage, especially to those with preexisting conditions. Consuming alcohol can enhance these effects.Mallinckrodt Baker, Inc. “Material Safety Data Sheet: Tetrachloroethylene.” 2005-08-16. Retrieved on 2007-08-15.

PERC can enter the body through respiratory and dermal exposure. Symptoms associated with exposure include: impaired memory; confusion; dizziness; headache; drowsiness; and eye, nose, and throat irritation. Repeated dermal exposure may result in dermatitis. NIOSH Hazard Controls: Control of Exposure to Perchloroethylene in Commercial Drycleaning (Substitution) United States National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-155 (1998)

Environment Perc is classified as a hazardous air contaminant by the EPA and must be handled as a hazardous waste. 70% of all perc used in the United States ends up in the environment, contaminating ground and drinking water. Fair Companies. “Breaking the ‘perc’ habit: dirty secrets of dry cleaning”. Retrieved on 2007-08-15. Because of this, dry cleaners that use perc must take special precautions against site contamination; landlords are becoming increasingly reluctant to allow drycleaners to operate in their buildings. When released into the air, perc can contribute to smog when it reacts with other volatile organic carbon substances.U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics. “Chemicals in the Environment: Perchloroethylene.” 1994-08. Retrieved on 2007-08-15. California passed a ban on perc in January 2007, beginning a 15-year phase out of chemicals and equipment. By 2023, no drycleaner in the state will be allowed to operate with perc.

Solvents used Modern

Historical

References

See also

External links



Dry cleaningis any cleaning process for clothing and textiles using an organic solvent rather than water — generally known as dry cleaning fluid, and typically this is tetrachloroethylene (called perchloroethylene or perchloroethylene in the industry). Dry cleaning is necessary for cleaning items which would otherwise be damaged by water and soap or detergent. It may also be sought if washing by hand — another alternative for some delicate fabrics — is seen as laborious.

History Dry cleaning uses non-water-based solvents to remove dirt and stains from clothes. The potential for using petroleum based solvents in this manner was first discovered in the mid-19th century by French dye-works owner Jean Baptiste Jolly, who noticed that his tablecloth became cleaner after his maid spilled kerosene on it, and from this observation developed a service to clean other people's clothes in this manner, which he termed "nettoyage à sec," or "dry cleaning" in English.

Early dry cleaners used petroleum-based solvents, such as gasoline and kerosene. Concerns over flammability led William Joseph Stoddard, a dry cleaner from Atlanta, to develop Stoddard solvent as a slightly less flammable alternative to gasoline-based solvents. The use of highly flammable petroleum solvents led to many fires and explosions, which resulted in heavy regulation of dry cleaners.

After World War I, dry cleaners began using various chlorinated solvents. These solvents were much less flammable than petroleum solvents and had much greater cleaning power. By the mid-1930s the dry cleaning industry had adopted tetrachloroethylene (perchloroethylene) as a standard, colloquially called "perc," as the ideal solvent. It is stable, nonflammable, and has excellent cleaning power and is gentle to most garments.

Process A dry cleaning machine is somewhat similar to a combination of a domestic washing machine, and clothes dryer. Garments are placed into a washing/extraction chamber (referred to as the basket, or drum). This is the core of the dry cleaning machine. The washing chamber contains a horizontal, perforated drum that rotates within an outer shell. The shell holds the solvent while the rotating drum holds the garment load. Depending on the size of the machine the basket capacity will be between 20 and 80 lb (9-36 kg) of garments.

During the wash cycle the chamber is filled approximately 1/3 full of solvent and begins to rotate to agitate the clothing. The solvent temperature is controlled at 85°F (29.4°C), as a higher temperature may extract dye from the garments, causing color loss. During the wash cycle, the chamber is constantly fed a supply of fresh solvent from the working solvent tank while spent solvent is removed and sent to a filter unit comprising a distillation boiler and condenser. The ideal flow rate is one gallon of solvent per pound of garments (roughly 8 litres of solvent per kilogram of garments) per minute, depending on the size of the machine.

Before being placed in the machine, garments are inspected for stains and soils by the operator. Depending on the nature of the soil, a catalyst may be applied to the soil; this depends on the operator's judgment of the makeup of the textile and the soil itself. Oil-based soils (such as Fat, oil, or lipstick) typically are removed very well by perchloroethylene, whereas water-based soils (such as coffee, wine, perspiration, blood, and semen) will need a catalyst to allow the dry cleaning solvent to emulsify and lift them. Food-based grease soils fall in between the two, and a milder catalyst may be applied. Dry cleaners have a variety of catalysts to choose from to remove different types of spots.

Garments are also checked carefully for foreign objects; such items as plastic pens will dissolve in the solvent bath and may damage textiles beyond recovery. Some textile dyes are "loose" (red being the main culprit), and will shed dye during the solvent immersion; these will not be included in a load along with lighter-based colored textiles to avoid color transfer. In addition, the solvent used must be distilled to remove any impurities that may transfer to the clothes. Garments are checked carefully for dry-cleaning textile compatibility, including the fasteners; many decorative fasteners either are not dry-cleaning-solvent proof or will not withstand the mechanical action of the cleaning cycle. These will be removed and restitched after the cleaning, or protected with a small padded protector as needed. Finally, fragile items, such as feather bedspreads or tasseled rugs or hangings may be enclosed into a loose mesh bag. The density of perchloroethylene is around 1.7 g/cm³ at room temperature (70% heavier than water), and the sheer weight of absorbed solvent may cause the textile to fail under normal force during the extraction cycle unless the mesh bag provides mechanical support.

A typical wash cycle lasts for 8-15 minutes depending on the type of garments and amount of soiling. During the first three minutes, solvent-soluble soils dissolve into the perchloroethylene and loose, insoluble soil from fabrics comes off. It takes approximately ten to twelve minutes after the loose soil has come off to remove all of the ground-in insoluble soil from the garments. Machines using hydrocarbon solvents require a wash cycle of at least 25 minutes because of the much slower rate of solvation of solvent-soluble soils (e.g., oily stains). A dry-cleaning surfactant "soap" may also be added.

At the end of the wash cycle, the machine starts a rinse cycle, and the garment load is rinsed with fresh distilled solvent from the pure solvent tank. This pure solvent rinse prevents discoloration of garments caused by soil particles being absorbed back onto the garment surface from the "dirty" working solvent.

After the rinse cycle the machine begins the extraction process. This process recovers dry-cleaning solvent for reuse. Modern dry cleaning machines can recover approximately 99.99% of the solvent used in the cleaning process.

The extraction cycle begins by draining the solvent out of the washing chamber and accelerating the basket to speeds of 350 to 450 rpm, causing much of the solvent to spin free of the fabric. When no more solvent can be spun out, the machine starts its drying cycle.

During the drying cycle, the garments are tumbled in a continuous stream of warm air (145°F/63°C) that circulates through the basket, evaporating any traces of solvent left behind after the spin cycle. The temperature of the air is carefully controlled to prevent over-drying and heat damage to the garments. The warm air then passes through a chiller unit, where the solvent vapors are condensed and returned to the distilled solvent tank. Modern dry-cleaning machines use a closed-loop system where the chilled air is then reheated and recirculated. This results in very high solvent recovery rates and reduces air pollution. (In the early days of dry cleaning, large amounts of perchlorethylene were vented to the air, because it was regarded as cheap and, at the time, believed to be harmless.)

Since this number is still short of 100%, and because dry-cleaning doesn't remove water-based stains very well, a few brave entrepreneurs have developed the wet cleaning process, which is essentially cold-water washing and air drying, using a computer-controlled washer and dryer. Wet cleaning is generally regarded as being in its infancy, although low-tech versions of it have been used for centuries.

After the drying cycle is completed, a deodorizing (aeration) cycle starts to cool the garments and remove the last traces of dry cleaning solvent, by circulating cool outside air over the garments and then through a vapor recovery filter made from activated carbon and polymer resins. At the end of the aeration cycle, the dry cleaned garments are clean and ready for pressing/finishing.

Solvent processing Working solvent from the washing chamber passes through several filtration steps before it is returned to the washing chamber. The first step is a button trap which prevents small objects (lint, fasteners, buttons, coins etc) from entering the solvent pump.

Next the solvent passes through a filter unit which removes lint and insoluble suspended soils from the solvent. Several different types are used, most filters use an ultra fine mesh to support a thin layer of filter powder (made from diatomaceous earth and activated clays). Some machines use powderless filters which are capable of removing soil particles greater than 30 micrometres from the solvent.

As the machine is used, a thin layer of filter cake (called muck) accumulates on the surface of the lint filter. The muck is removed regularly (commonly once per day) and then further processed to recover any solvent trapped in the muck. Many machines use "spin disc filters" in which the muck is removed from the filter surface by centrifugal action while the filter is back-washed with solvent.

After passing through the lint filter, the solvent passes through an Adsorption cartridge filter. This filter is made from activated clays and charcoal and removes fine insoluble soil and non-volatile residues along with dyes from solvent. Finally the solvent passes through a polishing filter which removes any traces of soil not removed by the previous filters. The clean working solvent is then returned to the working solvent tank.

To enhance cleaning power, small amounts of detergent (0.5%-1.5%) are added to the working solvent and are essential to its functionality. These detergents help dissolve Hydrophile soils and keep soil from redepositing on garments. Depending on the machine's design, either an anionic or cationic detergent is used.

Dry cleaning wastes Cooked muck Cooked Powder Residue — the waste material generated by cooking down or distilling muck. Cooked powder residue is a hazardous waste and will contain solvent, powdered filter material (diatomite), carbon, non-volatile residues, lint, dyes, grease, soils and water. This material should then be disposed of in accordance with local laws.

Sludge The waste sludge or solid residue from the still. Still bottoms contain solvent, water, soils, carbon and other non-volatile residues. Still bottoms from chlorinated solvent dry cleaning operations are hazardous wastes.

Health and Safety Perc is classified as a probable human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, and exposure carries risks to both those who work in the dry cleaning industry as well as consumers. People who wear one dry-cleaned garment one day a week over a 40-year period could inhale enough perc "to measurably increase their risk of cancer" by as much as 150 times what is considered "negligible risk." Perc exposure has been shown to cause liver cancer in mice and kidney cancer in male rats.Ohio Bureau of Health. “Tetrachloroethylene (PCE).” Retrieved on 2007-08-15. According to California's South Coast Air Quality Management District(SCAQMD), people who live near dry cleaners have a higher risk of cancer than those who live near oil refineries or power plants.Immediato, Linda. "Wet is the New Dry." LA Weekly: La Vida. 2007-01-17. Retrieved on 2007-08-15.

Women who work in dry cleaners are 2-4 times more likely to have miscarriages than women in other professions.Fair Companies. “Breaking the ‘perc’ habit: dirty secrets of dry cleaning”. Retrieved on 2007-08-15. Prolonged exposure to chemical fumes or direct contact can cause liver, kidney, and central nervous system damage, especially to those with preexisting conditions. Consuming alcohol can enhance these effects.Mallinckrodt Baker, Inc. “Material Safety Data Sheet: Tetrachloroethylene.” 2005-08-16. Retrieved on 2007-08-15.

PERC can enter the body through respiratory and dermal exposure. Symptoms associated with exposure include: impaired memory; confusion; dizziness; headache; drowsiness; and eye, nose, and throat irritation. Repeated dermal exposure may result in dermatitis. NIOSH Hazard Controls: Control of Exposure to Perchloroethylene in Commercial Drycleaning (Substitution) United States National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 97-155 (1998)

Environment Perc is classified as a hazardous air contaminant by the EPA and must be handled as a hazardous waste. 70% of all perc used in the United States ends up in the environment, contaminating ground and drinking water. Fair Companies. “Breaking the ‘perc’ habit: dirty secrets of dry cleaning”. Retrieved on 2007-08-15. Because of this, dry cleaners that use perc must take special precautions against site contamination; landlords are becoming increasingly reluctant to allow drycleaners to operate in their buildings. When released into the air, perc can contribute to smog when it reacts with other volatile organic carbon substances.U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics. “Chemicals in the Environment: Perchloroethylene.” 1994-08. Retrieved on 2007-08-15. California passed a ban on perc in January 2007, beginning a 15-year phase out of chemicals and equipment. By 2023, no drycleaner in the state will be allowed to operate with perc.

Solvents used Modern

Historical

References

See also

External links





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